This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell

Hi all. Just a thought to help start your week.

When you hear mention of New York City, what comes to your mind? Do you think of nice dinners, Broadway shows, and unlimited entertainment? Do you think of noise, taxi cabs with horns honking, and lots and lots of people all in a hurry to get somewhere? Do you think of the bright lights and excitement?

I snapped this picture on a brief visit to the Big Apple this summer. I believe it shows a little of the excitement of that city. Youngest daughter traveled with me by train from our point of origin in Connecticut for a full day of all that we could manage to see of New York City. She was excited to be experiencing this part of our trip. As a matter of fact, the New York visit was at her compelling request. We rode into Penn Station and hit the ground running. We walked all over the place. We hopped on and off the subway trains several times. We managed to find and see most of what we had hoped to see.

What struck me the most, though, and had done me the same way on my only other previous visit to that city, was the incredible number of people. People everywhere – elbow to elbow, rushing, pushing, rapidly going somewhere, anywhere. It was a very busy place to be.

To contrast all of this, part of my Sunday this past weekend was spent at a camp house deep in the woods. Sitting on a hill, hidden from view of anything but the animals in their natural habitat, facing a quiet pond, it was a very peaceful place to be.

I’ve often said that there’s a part of me that would be happy in either of two places like those I’ve just mentioned. I believe I’d be happy in an apartment in a big city, where I’m within walking distance of anything and everything I could want. But there’s also a big part of me that would love to live way out in the woods somewhere, away from anything and everything, venturing back into town only when necessary.

As a Christian, I look forward to the eternity I will spend in Heaven with the Lord. It will be loud and noisy with praises and hymns and music. It will be filled with people who have been on amazing journeys to get there. There will be feasts much better than the Nathan’s hotdog and fries we ate on a busy NYC sidewalk. But Heaven for me also means the quiet and peaceful solitude of sitting on the porch with Jesus, basking in His glory, feeling the gentle breeze, and watching the winds blow the waters just below us while the birds and windchimes sing their melodies together.

I guess what I’m saying is this – Where are you most at ease, most comfortable, and the most at peace? Your answer may be somewhere like New York City, or it may be somewhere like the backwoods of anywhere else. As long as you spend your time with Jesus, any place is a great place to be.

Take Him with you on your adventures this week. It makes the trip all-the-more glorious!
Just a thought.Till later,Brad

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

Our recent New England trip afforded us many opportunities for adventure.  One particularly interesting place we visited was the Mark Twain Home and Museum in Hartford, Connecticut.  The sprawling house itself is a masterpiece to behold.  The weather was beautiful, so we took our time wandering the grounds before heading inside to see the exhibits and make some photos.

Having grown up in Mississippi, the stories of Mark Twain have always been fascinating to me.  I was excited to get to see a first edition copy of “Tom Sawyer” and the other things on display.  That particular house has been called by some, “the loveliest home that ever was.”

Even thought of in those terms, it was truly just a house, as was the home of Emily Dickinson that we visited in Amherst, Massachusetts, and the boyhood home of Theodor Geisel (long before he became Dr. Seuss) in Springfield, Massachusetts.  Fascinating they were to see.  But, in the end, they were just houses where some historically famous person had once dwelt.

When you visit your particular church house on any given worship day, are you visiting the Lord’s house, or are you just visiting a house where someone nice used to live?  By asking that, I mean this, does the Lord truly dwell among you and your fellow worshipers when you have gathered in His name to worship Him?  Do you go to church expecting to have an encounter with Him, or are you just expecting to visit a nice place, have a nice feeling, and get out at a nice time?

We took with us to each of those locations an expectation to experience something we’d never experienced before.  We went with high hopes and with photograph-taking-capabilities in hand, so as to not miss a single thing we encountered.  

I can’t help but wonder how many of us simply step into the church house expecting just a place, instead of stepping into the Lord’s house expecting to experience Him.

A house is a house is a house.  And one day the houses of Twin, Dickinson, Seuss, and others will all be gone.  What will remain are the memories and the experiences.  What is of this earth will one day be gone as well.  Gather all you can, experience all you dare, let your mind’s eye capture all it can take in, and then take those God-given experiences out into the world to share with someone who hasn’t seen it!

That’s our charge.  Our challenge.  His command for us.  Go, and tell.  For they may not see it otherwise.

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

It was a rainy, dreary, very cool day.  We had not fully prepared ourselves.  I had one jacket, but it wasn’t really water proof, just repellant to a point.  And we only had one umbrella between the three of us.  I dropped wife and daughter off as close as I could and drove back up the hill to find (and pay for!) a parking space, before walking back down the hill in the cold drizzle.  Believe it or not, this was one of the things about which we were the most excited to do on our trip.

We had reached the coast of Maine.  There on a cliff at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean was an operational lighthouse.  And we were able to visit it.  Although not allowed to climb it, all those who were there were allowed to roam the grounds to our heart’s content and to take in some of the most beautiful God-created scenery and sounds.

Lighthouses such as this one, called the Head Light, were built for one purpose – to warn passing ships of the danger of the rocks and cliffs along the shore.  Indeed, there is a memorial there for one such ship that wrecked and sank many years ago.

A lighthouse is to stand tall, just like you see here, shine its warning lights into the darkness, and make folks aware of the life-threatening dangers of the surrounding dark waters.  This lighthouse had performed her duties well for many decades.

As a Christian, I am to be a lighthouse.  I am to be a Head Light, shining in the darkness.  I am to warn others of the life-threatening dangers of trying to navigate this old world in the darkness of sin.  I am to continue to shine even when some ignore the warnings and head straight for disaster.  I am to stand tall and keep His light shining through me.

By the time we left that lighthouse, we were cold and pretty much soaked, but it all seemed worth it.  What more could you expect from a lighthouse visit than to experience the unpleasantness that surrounds it?  It all seemed so fitting for our visit.  And we left there not complaining about the wet or cold, but thankful that we had the chance to visit.

This week, I invite you to visit THE Head Light.  Let the Lord shine His light into the dark places of your life and lead you on to safety.  You may still experience the roughness of the waves, but you can be saved from the darkness.  It’s an experience you can’t forget.

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

Goals are important.  Without a goal, where would a kicker aim his potential field goal kick?  Without a goal, where would a player launch his basketball?  Without a goal in mind, at what point would a dieter stop, or a weightlifter quit?  You get the point.

A few years ago, our daughters fixed us this canvas marked with the words “50 states in 50 years.”  Our family loves to travel.  You may have figured that out by now!  And it doesn’t have to be very far or very expensive.  We just enjoy it.  So my wife and I, aided by the prodding of our girls, set a goal to visit all 50 of the United States together by the time we have been married 50 years.  We’ve been behind schedule until the last couple of years, and now we’ve caught up and slightly surpassed our anniversary number by our state number.

Our map now has 36 states painted in, and we have plans to make it to another couple before the year is out.  That’s a realistic goal, and it’s one we have committed to completing.

Maybe you’ve set a goal to read the Bible in a year’s time.  Maybe you’ve set an employment goal, a weight loss goal, or simply a goal to remain positive for as long as possible for one single day.  Work for your goals.  Set your mind to it.  Stay committed.

You might get a little behind.  But don’t stop.  You might even get a little ahead.  But don’t allow yourself to slack off either.  Keep the course.  Run the race.  After all, this life of ours here on this earth brings with it a goal.  Specifically as Christians, our goal should be to live more like Jesus every day.

Start small.  Get out of bed in the morning with the goal of thanking the Lord for another day.  And follow through with it!  Later, you might set larger goals.  Work toward the end.  

And keep in mind that it does take work and discipline.  We visited and explored all six of the New England states very recently, and our feet and knees are still talking to us about it.  Sometimes goals bring pain.  Ah, but in the end, it’s ALL worth it!  I promise!

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

I am a sucker for a beautiful sunset.  One reason is the utter beauty of it all.  Another, honestly, is because of the time of day.  I very seldom have ever seen the sun rise!  However, I’ve witnessed countless sunsets, and every one is amazing in its own way.

I took this sunset photo from the Gulf, just at the end of the long pier at Navarre Beach, Florida.  The winds were cool.  The waters were full of God’s creatures swimming about.  There was plenty of activity and talking from the crowd of folks standing behind me.  But, here, in this photo, there was nothing but God.

See His hands stirring up the waters.  See His big sky, filled with the fluffiest of all of His clouds.  See the sands of the beach, with grains so numerous only He knows how much there is.  And see the rays of His sun shining through those fluffy clouds, across the manmade buildings, the sandy shores, and waves of the ocean, right up to me.

It was as if that sunset was aimed directly at me, right where I stood.

I am so incredibly thankful that the Son of God shines from Heaven above and comes directly to where I am.  Even with the clouds of life.  Even with the manmade interruptions and distractions.  Even across rough sandy walkways and long wooden piers.  He reaches me.

Maybe what you need today is a quiet moment to watch His sunset.  In doing so, you may see the Son reaching out to you.

In addition, many of us have aged friends, family members, or church members who are quickly reaching the sunset of this life.  How glorious it can be to see them watch for the Son to reach out to them.

Wherever these warm summer months may take you in the travels of life, be it across the world, across the nation, or simply across the street, be always aware of His beautiful sunsets and “Son sets.”  As brief as they are, there’s nothing like it.

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

Spring time at our house brings with it lots of sounds, lots of critters, and lots of adventure.  Four of those critters, in particular, have graced me with their presence over the past few days, and I’d like to share with you about those encounters.

I’ll begin up top, with the turtle.  As I drove out of the driveway one recent morning, this fellow was attempting to cross.  I assume the noise of my truck startled it, and it stopped right there.  I got out, and since I wasn’t sure how aggressive it would be, I didn’t attempt to pick it up.  I gently pushed it from behind, hoping to nudge it across the gravel driveway, and out of danger’s reach.  I was not successful.  The turtle completely refused to move.  It refused to accept my offer of help or my gentle push from behind.

The frog, one of what sounds like many hundreds hollering outside each evening, sat stuck to the outside of the bathroom window.  I tapped at it.  I held the phone camera right against the glass so that the camera flashed when I snapped the photo.  I made noise at it.  The frog stretched its legs a little, then drew them back up close.  It had started to be attentive to the noise, the distraction, the possible danger, but then it went back to its own little world, curled back up, and sat.

The lizard had affixed itself to a door at church the other morning.  I saw it from down the hall, quickly grabbed my phone for a picture, and carefully headed straight toward it.  It remained still for what seemed like only about five seconds while I snapped two or three clear pictures.  Then, very much aware of the potential for danger, it ran, very quickly, down the facing, and scurried out of sight before I could even open the door.

And then there’s the cat.  She had her breakfast and promptly took her perch atop the back of my truck, ready to pounce on anything, dangerous or not, that might accidentally come within her reach.

Can you identify with any of the four?  The Lord is speaking to you.  Are you stubborn like the turtle, refusing to listen, refusing to be gently nudged toward a safer place in life?  Are you the frog, perhaps acknowledging His presence, but not willing to move enough to change your position or learn anything new?  Are you the lizard, so scared of even the tiniest thing, that you run before He can get close?  Or are you the aged cat, having learned from experience and wisdom, that the safest place is high up above whatever may crawl below, ready, by the grace of God, to face anything down there?

It’s a busy spring.  Be a busy creature for God.  Look, listen, learn, and leap when necessary!

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

Recently, while her mother and I toured part of the eldest daughter’s work site near Alabama’s Gulf Coast, I looked out at the slough beside the building and commented that I bet there were gators in there.  Eldest spoke up and said there certainly was one, and we would probably see him before we left.

And we did.  There in that still, greenish, swampy water was a rather large alligator, albeit “not as big as some” they had seen.  Very calm, minding his own business, he was stretched out in the water, near a shady spot, always aware of his surroundings whether we were or not.

In the center of my picture, you’ll see his tail stretched out toward the left side, while his head and snout are pointed toward the right side.  Never would I attempt to wade into those waters.  I probably wouldn’t even lean over the fence between us and him.  I would leave well enough alone.  Why?  Because of the obvious impending danger of messing with the potential of evil.

In our lives, we lean too far over the fences sometimes, and we wade into the murky waters for reasons that may remain unknown.  We tread into the territory of the enemy as he lays ever so still, waiting on his next unsuspecting meal or victim to arrive.

The Bible tells us that Satan roams about like a lion, seeking the ones he can chew up!  Now, I know the difference between a lion and a gator, but I don’t want to be caught in the grasp of either one!  I shouldn’t want to be near the devil and his evil ways either.

Look from afar.  Locate him.  And stay away from the situation.

Just a short minute or two after I took this picture, that old gator slipped underneath the water’s surface, undetectable and unseen.  Had I not looked when I did, I would have only seen the murky water, the peaceful environment.  But because we were aware and paying attention, we saw, recognized, and remained safe from the danger.

Pay attention this week.  The dangers may be closer than you realize.  Trust the Lord to keep you safe.

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

It has been many, many years since I’ve tried to ride a horse.  I enjoy watching those graceful animals.  I have attended barrel racing competitions, rodeos, and presentations by the large Clydesdales.  And I understand the need for good training, good equipment, and safety precautions.  A good rider needs a good saddle.

This particular saddle and bridle, made of leather, silver, and gold, is on display in a downtown San Antonio, Texas, museum.  I walked around it and admired it for some time.  Because I’m not a horse owner or rider, I knew nothing special about this saddle in comparison to any other saddle.  I just knew what it was.  Nice looking, functional, and in great shape.

What makes this particular bridle and saddle combo special?  They belonged to and were used by the amazing cowboy and star Roy Rogers.  It was just a saddle that could be used on any horse.  But it is made more special, more important, because of the one to whom it belonged.

A basketball in my hands is worth nothing, but put it in the hands of Michael Jordan and you have a wonderful thing.  A violin would be effectively useless to me, but to a concert violinist, what wonderful music it could produce!  On my own, I am nothing.  But in the hands of my Lord Jesus, what amazing things I can be!

You may be struggling right now to find your identity, your purpose, your mission.  On your own, you feel inadequate, less than useful, and confused by it all.  Let me encourage you to place your life, your will, your emotions, your struggles and difficulties into the hands of the Master.

A simple person you may be.  However, when you’ve been touched by the Master, you are museum-quality!  You are one of a kind.  You are irreplaceable. — All because of the One to Whom you belong!

Just a thought.

This Week’s Thought

By Brad Campbell –

Just a thought to help start your week.

I came very close to stepping on this creature several days ago.  Thankfully I didn’t.  And it wasn’t even phased by the close encounter.  It remained very still and gave me time to quickly grab my phone to take a picture.

That face looked directly at me.  Two slanted eyebrows sit above two large eyes.  Then, just below those piercing eyes, you can make out the nostrils and the other weird markings on its body.  The top of its head comes to a point while its body is more rounded.

By now, you either see the “face” I’ve pointed out to you, or you think I’m nuts.  For I’m describing some strange snake-like creature to you, when this photo clearly is of a spotted frog of some sort.

But do you see what I did?  Even if you didn’t truly believe me and my description of the creature, you began to see those eyebrows, eyes, and nostrils that I described to you, didn’t you?  Because I was telling you what you saw, you could almost catch yourself believing it.

Our world is full of so many people who try their best to lead us astray.  Sadly, many of those people are trusted leaders in our churches.  As Christians, it is our responsibility, our duty, to search the Word for ourselves, to learn to discern the truth from the way of the world.  

Always, always, my prayer before I stand to preach or teach is that the Lord would guide my words to that I don’t inadvertently lead someone astray by “my beliefs” or “my opinion” or simply the way “I see it.”  Listen to your pastor, preacher, teacher, and leaders.  Break it down for yourself.  Does it make sense?  And if not, is the reason simply because the subject is a difficult one to understand, or am I being told to see something that isn’t there?

Get in the Word this week.  Ask the Lord to show you what HE sees!

Just a thought.

Truett Cathy and Pre-commitment

By Dr. Kevin Dougherty

 “Glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us and have a positive influence on all who come into contact with Chick-fil-A.[1]

In 1946 Truett Cathy and his brother Ben opened a diner in Atlanta called The Dwarf House.  Ben died in 1947, but Truett built on the success of The Dwarf House to open the first Chick-Fil-A restaurant in 1967.  When Cathy died in 2014, there were some 2,000 Chick-Fil-A locations with an annual sales volume of $4 billion.[2]  This remarkable success occurred in spite of the fact that Chick-Fil-A restaurants are closed on Sundays (a time in the fast service industry that normally generates twenty percent of the revenue[3]) as a result of Cathy’s decision to follow the command in Exodus 20:9 that “Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God.”[4]  Chick-Fil-A’s operating hours are pretty common knowledge, so the intent here is not to rehash that old news.  Instead, the intent is to explore how Cathy’s decision can help us as leaders and as individuals emulate such principled behavior through the technique of “pre-commitment.”

James Kouzes and Barry Posner write that options contrary to a leader’s core values “are seldom considered or acted on; and if they are, it’s done with a sense of compliance rather than commitment.”[5]  Such a stance is useful in a situation which pressures the leader to deviate from his principles.  Cathy describes such an event in early 1982 when he received a letter from a developer whose mall was among the largest shopping centers in the US.  The developer paid Cathy and Chick-Fil-A many compliments and laid out his reasons for requesting that Cathy keep his restaurant open on Sunday.  He even offered to make a contribution of $5,000 to “the churches or organizations of your choice” if Cathy could be persuaded.[6]

Cathy’s response to the offer reflected his deep pre-commitment to his principle.  He began by noting that he became a Christian at age twelve.  Then he described how he had followed the “closed on Sunday” policy since his beginning days with The Dwarf House.  He concluded by thanking the developer for his “well received” thoughts, but, Cathy said, “please understand, we cannot compromise on certain principles.”[7]

Cathy’s decision is consistent with the theories of economist Thomas Schelling who discovered that he and many others “spend a good part of our time trying to get ourselves to do what we already decided to do.”[8]  He then went on to describe several “little tricks” such as not carrying cigarettes if you are trying to quit smoking that “we play on ourselves to make us do the things we ought to do or to keep us from the things we ought to foreswear.”[9]  To reduce the cognitive dissonance between the desires of our old self and the actions of our future selves, Schelling suggested “pre-committing” as a paradoxical means of a person improving their chances of success by limiting their options. 

The decision of conquistador Hernando Cortes in 1519 to burn his ships to prevent his faint-hearted crew members from abandoning his expedition in Mexico and fleeing to Cuba is an oft-cited example of pre-commitment.  Fans of the Christian band For King & Country may recognize that allusion in their hit song “Burn the Ships.”  Cathy’s version was based on his belief that “the Lord has blessed us because we recognize him on this special day we call Sunday.”  “Since establishing that policy in the beginning of my business life,” Cathy explained to the developer, “we have not varied—and dare not.”[10]

Cathy’s adherence to the principle of the Fourth Commandant helped him personally make decisions as a leader, but by its very definition, leadership is about influencing others.[11]  To that end, one of the corporate purposes of Chick-Fil-A is “to have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick-Fil-A.”[12]  Cathy wrote that “I have always wanted to influence the people in our organization, not by pressing anything on them, but by my attitude, my lifestyle.”[13]  He claimed that he “never… intended to make a big issue out of being closed on Sunday” and that “it amazes me that other people bring up the subject so often.”[14]  Instead, he believed “influence is what we do.”  Bill George writes that “principles are values translated into action.”[15]  By being closed on Sunday, Cathy influenced by his actions.[16] 

Cathy believed that being closed on Sunday influences a certain type of person to seek employment at Chick-Fil-A.  These are people who live by their convictions and feel value having “a day of rest to worship the Lord and to refresh themselves spiritually and physically.”  Such people, Cathy said, “are the kind of associates we seek.”[17]  “The fact that we have Sunday closing,” he continued, “helps attract quality… employees.”[18]  Cathy was very proud that sixty-five percent of Chick-fil-A’s franchise owners “grew up in Chick-fil-A.  We raised them.”[19]

Cathy also saw the dangers of negative influence if he were to violate his principle.  “How could I teach the thirteen-year-old boys in my Sunday school class to observe the Lord’s Day if my cash registers were jingling at my restaurants?”, he asked.[20]  Instead, Cathy reported that “fifteen boys I had in my Sunday school class over a period of years made a career at Chick-fil-A.”[21]

Cathy also encouraged his franchise operators to be a positive influence in the lives of the teenagers who work there.  He saw his restaurants as venues that create the opportunity to serve God for the good of others.  As an example, in 1973, Chick-Fil-A established the “Team Member Scholarship” program to encourage employees to continue their education.  In 1996, the “Leadership Scholarship” succeeded this program with a greater emphasis on community service and further development of leadership.  By 2014, the year Cathy died, Chick-fil-A had given out nearly $30 million in scholarships.[22]  Cathy said he liked to think of these scholarships as “planting good seeds that will bear future fruit.”[23]

Steve Robinson, former Chief Marketing Officer at Chick-fil-A, in reviewing the company’s financial records, noticed that some ten percent of the profits were directed to charity.  “As sole owner of Chick-fil-A,” Robinson reports, Cathy “might have directed that portion of income to his personal bank account or reinvested it in the company.”[24]  Instead, Cathy was determined to follow the Biblical admonition to tithe.[25]  His pre-commitment to this principle eliminated options such as those Robinson suggests might have been alternatives to tithing.

Cathy pre-committed to running his business according to Christian principles.  Having made this resolution, options that would violate those principles were automatically voided from consideration.  Thus, when the developer made an economic argument for Cathy to open a Chick-fil-A on Sunday, Cathy did not have to weigh it.  That option had already been eliminated.  Likewise, when it came time to decide what to do with his money, Cathy knew that ten percent of it was already set aside as a tithe.  He would still have to decide on the specific charitable cause, but he had already allocated that money to some means of helping others rather than himself.

When applied to leadership, Schelling’s idea of pre-commitment removes from the decision maker the temptation to select a momentarily pleasing alternative that violates deep standing principles.  It facilitates the discipline required to subordinate impulses to values.[26]  By pre-commiting to practice behaviors that were consistent with his Christian principles and disqualify those that were not, Cathy guarded against the weakness born of rationalization and opportunism.


 

[1] S. Truett Cathy, It’s Easier to Succeed than to Fail (Nashville, TN: Oliver Nelson, 1989), 157.

[2] G. Farrell Gean and Virginia Gean, “From Boarding House to the Boardroom: A Personal Interview with Truett Cathy,” Journal of Business and Economics, 5(12), (December 2014), 2276.

[3] Miles Davis and Leyland Lucas, “Principles before Profits: An Interview with S. Truett Cathy,” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship (Spring 2007), 27.

[4] Cathy, 69.

[5] James Kouzes and Barry Posner. The Leadership Challenge: How to Make Extraordinary Things Happen in Organizations, Fifth Edition, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 49. 

[6] Cathy, 74.

[7] Ibid., 75.

[8] Thomas Schelling, “Egonomics, or the Art of Self-Management” The American Economic Review

68(2), Papers and Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1978), 291.

[9] Ibid., 290. 

[10] Cathy, 74-75.

[11] Peter Northouse, for example, defines leadership as “a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.”  Peter Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice (Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), 3.

[12] Cathy, 157.

[13] Ibid., 157.

[14] Ibid., 78.

[15] Bill George, Discover Your True North (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 107.

[16] Ibid., 189.

[17] Ibid., 70.

[18] Ibid., 75.

[19] Davis and Lucas, 30.

[20] Cathy, 70.

[21] Davis and Lucas, 30.

[22] Gean and Gean, 2280-2281.

[23] Cathy, 174.

[24] Steve Robinson, Covert Cows and Chick-fil-A: How Faith, Cows, and Chicken Built an Iconic Brand (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2019), 63.

[25] Davis and Lucas, 30.

[26] Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 83.